Brands, Medical Use, Clinical Data
Drug Category
Dosage Forms
Brands / Synonyms
Amidon; Andrazide; Antimicina; Antituberkulosum; Armacide; Armazid; Armazide; Atcotibine; Azuren; Bacillin; Cedin; Cemidon; Chemiazid; Chemidon; Cortinazine; Cotinazin; Cotinizin; Defonin; Dibutin; Diforin; Dinacrin; Ditubin; Dow-Isoniazid; Ebidene; Eralon; Ertuban; Eutizon; Evalon; Fimalene; FSR 3; GINK; HIA; Hidranizil; Hidrasonil; Hidrulta; Hidrun; Hycozid; Hydrazid; Hydrazide; Hyozid; Hyzyd; Ido-tebin; Idrazil; Inah; INH; Inizid; Iscotin; Isidrina; Ismazide; Isobicina; Isocid; Isocidene; Isocotin; Isohydrazide; Isolyn; Isonerit; Isonex; Isoniacid; Isoniazid; Isoniazid SA; Isoniazide; Isonicazide; Isonicid; Isonico; Isonicotan; Isonicotil; Isonicotinhydrazid; Isonicotinic acid hydrazide; Isonicotinic hydrazide; Isonicotinohydrazide; Isonicotinoyl hydrazide; Isonicotinyl hydrazide; Isonicotinylhydrazine; Isonide; Isonidrin; Isonikazid; Isonilex; Isonin; Isonindon; Isonirit; Isoniton; Isonizide; Isopyrin; Isotamine; Isotebe; Isotebezid; Isotinyl; Isozide; Isozyd; Laniazid; Laniozid; Mybasan; Neo-Tizide; Neoteben; Neoxin; Neumandin; Nevin; Niadrin; Nicazide; Nicetal; Nicizina; Niconyl; Nicotibina; Nicotibine; Nicotisan; Nicozide; Nidaton; Nidrazid; Nikozid; Niplen; Nitadon; Nitebannsc 9659; Nydrazid; Nyscozid; Pelazid; Percin; Phthisen; PMS Isoniazid; Preparation 6424; Pycazide; Pyreazid; Pyricidin; Pyridicin; Pyrizidin; Raumanon; Razide; Retozide; Rifamate; Rifater; Rimicid; Rimifon; Rimiphone; Rimitsid; Robiselin; Robisellin; Roxifen; Sanohidrazina; Sauterazid; Sauterzid; Stanozide; TB-Phlogin; TB-Razide; TB-Vis; Tebecid; Tebenic; Tebexin; Tebilon; Tebos; Teebaconin; Tekazin; Tibazide; Tibemid; Tibinide; Tibison; Tibivis; Tibizide; Tibusan; Tisin; Tisiodrazida; Tizide; Tubazid; Tubazide; Tubeco; Tubecotubercid; Tuberian; Tubicon; Tubilysin; Tubomel; Tyvid; Unicocyde; Unicozyde; Vazadrine; Vederon; Zidafimia; Zinadon; Zonazide
Indications
For the treatment of all forms of tuberculosis in which organisms are susceptible.
Pharmacology
Isoniazid is a bactericidal agent active against organisms of the genus Mycobacterium, specifically M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and M. kansasii. It is a highly specific agent, ineffective against other microorganisms. Isoniazid is bactericidal to rapidly-dividing mycobacteria, but is bacteriostatic if the mycobacterium is slow-growing.
Mechanism of Action
Isoniazid is a prodrug and must be activated by bacterial catalase. Specficially, activation is associated with reduction of the mycobacterial ferric KatG catalase-peroxidase by hydrazine and reaction with oxygen to form an oxyferrous enzyme complex. Once activated, isoniazid inhibits the synthesis of mycoloic acids, an essential component of the bacterial cell wall. At therapeutic levels isoniazid is bacteriocidal against actively growing intracellular and extracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms. Specifically isoniazid inhibits InhA, the enoyl reductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, by forming a covalent adduct with the NAD cofactor. It is the INH-NAD adduct that acts as a slow, tight-binding competitive inhibitor of InhA.
Absorption
Readily absorbed following oral administration; however, may undergo significant first pass metabolism. Absorption and bioavailability are reduced when isoniazid is administered with food.
Toxicity
LD50 100 mg/kg (Human, oral). Adverse reactions include rash, abnormal liver function tests, hepatitis, peripheral neuropathy, mild central nervous system (CNS) effects. In vivo, Isoniazid reacts with pyridoxal to form a hydrazone, and thus inhibits generation of pyridoxal phosphate. Isoniazid also combines with pyridoxal phosphate; high doses interfere with the coenzyme function of the latter.
Biotrnasformation / Drug Metabolism
Primarily hepatic. Isoniazid is acetylated by N -acetyl transferase to N -acetylisoniazid; it is then biotransformed to isonicotinic acid and monoacetylhydrazine. Monoacetylhydrazine is associated with hepatotoxicity via formation of a reactive intermediate metabolite when N-hydroxylated by the cytochrome P450 mixed oxidase system. The rate of acetylation is genetically determined. Slow acetylators are characterized by a relative lack of hepatic N -acetyltransferase.
Contraindications
Isoniazid is contraindicated in patients who develop severe hypersensitivity reactions, including drug
-induced hepatitis; previous isoniazid-associated hepatic injury; severe adverse reactions to isoniazid such as drug
fever, chills, arthritis; and acute liver disease of any etiology.
Drug Interactions
Food: Isoniazid should not be administered with food. Studies have shown that the bioavailability of
isoniazid is reduced significantly when administered with food.
Acetaminophen: A report of severe acetaminophen toxicity was reported in a patient receiving
Isoniazid. It is believed that the toxicity may have resulted from a previously unrecognized interaction between
isoniazid and acetaminophen and a molecular basis for this interaction has been proposed. However, current evidence
suggests that isoniazid does induce P-450IIE1, a mixed-function oxidase enzyme that appears to generate the toxic
metabolites, in the liver. Furthermore it has been proposed that isoniazid resulted In induction of P-450IIE1 in the
patients liver which, in turn, resulted in a greater proportion of the ingested acetaminophen being converted to the
toxic metabolites. Studies have demonstrated that pretreatment with isoniazid potentiates a cetaminophen hepatoxicity
in rats.
Carbamazepine: Isoniazid is known to slow the metabolism of carbamazepine and increase its serum
levels Carbamazepine levels should be determined prior to concurrent administration with isoniazid, signs and
symptoms of carbamazepine toxicity should be monitored closely, and appropriate dosage adjustment of the
anticonvulsant should be made.
Ketoconazole: Potential interaction of Ketoconazole and Isoniazid may exist. When Ketoconazole is
given in combination with isoniazid and rifampin the AUC of ketoconazole is decreased by as much as 88% after 5
months of concurrent Isoniazid and Rifampin therapy.
Phenytoin: Isoniazid may increase serum levels of phenytoin. To avoid phenytoin intoxication,
appropriate adjustment of the anticonvulsant should be made.
Therophylline: A recent study has shown that concomitan administration of isoniazid and theophylline
may cause elevated plasma levels of theophylline, and in some instances a slight decrease in the elimination of
isoniazid. Since the therapeutic range of theophylline is narrow theophylline serum levels should be monitored
closely, and appropriate dosage adjustments of theophylline should be made.
Valproate: A recent case study has shown a possible increase in the plasma level of valproate when
co administered with isoniazid. Plasma valproate concentration should be monitored when isoniazid and valproate are
co administered, and appropriate dosage adjustments of valproate should be made.
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