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Adderall (Dextroamphetamine Saccharate / Amphetamine Aspartate Monohydrate / Dextroamphetamine Sulfate / Amphetamine Sulfate) - Description and Clinical Pharmacology

 
 



DESCRIPTION

A single-entity amphetamine product combining the neutral sulfate salts of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, with the dextro isomer of amphetamine saccharate and d, l-amphetamine aspartate.

EACH TABLET CONTAINS: 5 mg 7.5 mg 10 mg 12.5 mg 15 mg 20 mg 30 mg

Dextroamphetamine

Saccharate

1.25 mg 1.875 mg 2.5 mg 3.125 mg 3.75 mg 5 mg 7.5 mg
Amphetamine Aspartate 1.25 1 mg 1.875 mg 2 2.5 mg 3 3.125 mg 4 3.75 mg 5 5 mg 6 7.5 mg 7

Dextroamphetamine

Sulfate, USP

1.25 mg 1.875 mg 2.5 mg 3.125 mg 3.75 mg 5 mg 7.5 mg

Amphetamine

Sulfate, USP

1.25 mg 1.875 mg 2.5 mg 3.125 mg 3.75 mg 5 mg 7.5 mg
Total Amphetamine Base Equivalence 3.13 mg 4.7 mg 6.3 mg 7.8 mg 9.4 mg 12.6 mg 18.8 mg

1 1.25 mg of Amphetamine Aspartate Monohydrate equivalent to 1.17 mg Amphetamine Aspartate (Anhydrous) as supplied
2 1.875 mg of Amphetamine Aspartate Monohydrate equivalent to 1.755 mg Amphetamine Aspartate (Anhydrous) as supplied
3 2.5 mg of Amphetamine Aspartate Monohydrate equivalent to 2.34 mg Amphetamine Aspartate (Anhydrous) as supplied
4 3.125 mg of Amphetamine Aspartate Monohydrate equivalent to 2.925 mg Amphetamine Aspartate (Anhydrous) as supplied
5 3.75 mg of Amphetamine Aspartate Monohydrate equivalent to 3.51 mg Amphetamine Aspartate (Anhydrous) as supplied
6 5 mg of Amphetamine Aspartate Monohydrate equivalent to 4.6 mg Amphetamine Aspartate (Anhydrous) as supplied
7 7.5 mg of Amphetamine Aspartate Monohydrate equivalent to 7.03 mg Amphetamine Aspartate (Anhydrous) as supplied

Inactive Ingredients

Colloidal silicon dioxide, compressible sugar, corn starch, magnesium

stearate, microcrystalline cellulose and saccharin sodium, USP.

Colors

Adderall® 5 mg is a white to off-white tablet, which contains no color additives.

Adderall® 7.5 mg and 10 mg contain FD&C Blue #1 aluminum lake.

Adderall® 12.5 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg and 30 mg contain FD&C Yellow #6 aluminum

lake as a color additive.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacodynamics

Amphetamines are non-catecholamine sympathomimetic amines with CNS stimulant activity. The mode of therapeutic action in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is not known. Amphetamines are thought to block the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine into the presynaptic neuron and increase the release of these monoamines into the extraneuronal space.

Pharmacokinetics

Adderall® tablets contain d-amphetamine and l-amphetamine salts in the ratio of 3:1. Following administration of a single dose 10 or 30 mg of Adderall® to healthy volunteers under fasted conditions, peak plasma concentrations occurred approximately 3 hours post-dose for both d-amphetamine and l-amphetamine. The mean elimination half-life (t1/2) for d-amphetamine was shorter than the t1/2 of the l-isomer (9.77 to 11 hours vs. 11.5 to 13.8 hours). The PK parameters (Cmax, AUC0-inf) of d-and l-amphetamine increased approximately three-fold from 10 mg to 30 mg indicating dose-proportional pharmacokinetics.

The effect of food on the bioavailability of Adderall® has not been studied.

Metabolism and Excretion

Amphetamine is reported to be oxidized at the 4 position of the benzene ring to form 4-hydroxyamphetamine, or on the side chain α or β carbons to form alpha-hydroxy-amphetamine or norephedrine, respectively. Norephedrine and 4-hydroxy-amphetamine are both active and each is subsequently oxidized to form 4-hydroxy-norephedrine. Alpha-hydroxy-amphetamine undergoes deamination to form phenylacetone, which ultimately forms benzoic acid and its glucuronide and the glycine conjugate hippuric acid. Although the enzymes involved in amphetamine metabolism have not been clearly defined, CYP2D6 is known to be involved with formation of 4-hydroxy-amphetamine. Since CYP2D6 is genetically polymorphic, population variations in amphetamine metabolism are a possibility.

Amphetamine is known to inhibit monoamine oxidase, whereas the ability of amphetamine and its metabolites to inhibit various P450 isozymes and other enzymes has not been adequately elucidated. In vitro experiments with human microsomes indicate minor inhibition of CYP2D6 by amphetamine and minor inhibition of CYP1A2, 2D6, and 3A4 by one or more metabolites. However, due to the probability of auto-inhibition and the lack of information on the concentration of these metabolites relative to in vivo concentrations, no predications regarding the potential for amphetamine or its metabolites to inhibit the metabolism of other drugs by CYP isozymes in vivo can be made.

With normal urine pHs approximately half of an administered dose of amphetamine is recoverable in urine as derivatives of alpha-hydroxy-amphetamine and approximately another 30% to 40% of the dose is recoverable in urine as amphetamine itself. Since amphetamine has a pKa of 9.9, urinary recovery of amphetamine is highly dependent on pH and urine flow rates. Alkaline urine pHs result in less ionization and reduced renal elimination, and acidic pHs and high flow rates result in increased renal elimination with clearances greater than glomerular filtration rates, indicating the involvement of active secretion. Urinary recovery of amphetamine has been reported to range from 1% to 75%, depending on urinary pH, with the remaining fraction of the dose hepatically metabolized. Consequently, both hepatic and renal dysfunction have the potential to inhibit the elimination of amphetamine and result in prolonged exposures. In addition, drugs that effect urinary pH are known to alter the elimination of amphetamine, and any decrease in amphetamine’s metabolism that might occur due to drug interactions or genetic polymorphisms is more likely to be clinically significant when renal elimination is decreased (see PRECAUTIONS).

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