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1 Statistically significantly different than placebo (p<0.001)
Patients not healed by week 4 were continued in the study. By week 8, 83% of patients treated with PEPCID had healed versus 45% of patients treated with placebo. The incidence of ulcer healing with PEPCID was significantly higher than with placebo at each time point based on proportion of endoscopically confirmed healed ulcers. In this study, time to relief of daytime and nocturnal pain was significantly shorter for patients receiving PEPCID than for patients receiving placebo; patients receiving PEPCID also took less antacid than the patients receiving placebo.
Long-Term Maintenance
Treatment of Duodenal UlcersPEPCID, 20 mg p.o. h.s. was compared to placebo h.s. as maintenance therapy in two double-blind, multicenter studies of patients with endoscopically confirmed healed duodenal ulcers. In the U.S. study the observed ulcer incidence within 12 months in patients treated with placebo was 2.4 times greater than in the patients treated with PEPCID. The 89 patients treated with PEPCID had a cumulative observed ulcer incidence of 23.4% compared to an observed ulcer incidence of 56.6% in the 89 patients receiving placebo (p<0.01). These results were confirmed in an international study where the cumulative observed ulcer incidence within 12 months in the 307 patients treated with PEPCID was 35.7%, compared to an incidence of 75.5% in the 325 patients treated with placebo (p<0.01).
Gastric UlcerIn both a U.S. and an international multicenter, double-blind study in patients with endoscopically confirmed active benign gastric ulcer, orally administered PEPCID, 40 mg h.s., was compared to placebo h.s. Antacids were permitted during the studies, but consumption was not significantly different between the PEPCID and placebo groups. As shown in Table 2, the incidence of ulcer healing (dropouts counted as unhealed) with PEPCID was statistically significantly better than placebo at weeks 6 and 8 in the U.S. study, and at weeks 4, 6 and 8 in the international study, based on the number of ulcers that healed, confirmed by endoscopy.
1 Statistically significantly better than placebo p≤0.01
2 Statistically significantly better than placebo p≤0.05 Time to complete relief of daytime and nighttime pain was statistically significantly shorter for patients receiving PEPCID than for patients receiving placebo; however, in neither study was there a statistically significant difference in the proportion of patients whose pain was relieved by the end of the study (week 8).
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)Orally administered PEPCID was compared to placebo in a U.S. study that enrolled patients with symptoms of GERD and without endoscopic evidence of erosion or ulceration of the esophagus. PEPCID 20 mg b.i.d. was statistically significantly superior to 40 mg h.s. and to placebo in providing a successful symptomatic outcome, defined as moderate or excellent improvement of symptoms (Table 3).
1 p≤0.01 vs Placebo By two weeks of treatment, symptomatic success was observed in a greater percentage of patients taking PEPCID 20 mg b.i.d. compared to placebo (p≤0.01). Symptomatic improvement and healing of endoscopically verified erosion and ulceration were studied in two additional trials. Healing was defined as complete resolution of all erosions or ulcerations visible with endoscopy. The U.S. study comparing PEPCID 40 mg p.o. b.i.d. to placebo and PEPCID 20 mg p.o. b.i.d., showed a significantly greater percentage of healing for PEPCID 40 mg b.i.d. at weeks 6 and 12 (Table 4).
As compared to placebo, patients who received PEPCID had faster relief of daytime and nighttime heartburn and a greater percentage of patients experienced complete relief of nighttime heartburn. These differences were statistically significant. In the international study, when PEPCID 40 mg p.o. b.i.d. was compared to ranitidine 150 mg p.o. b.i.d., a statistically significantly greater percentage of healing was observed with PEPCID 40 mg b.i.d. at week 12 (Table 5). There was, however, no significant difference among treatments in symptom relief.
1 p≤0.05 vs Ranitidine 150 mg b.i.d. Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions (e.g., Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome, Multiple Endocrine Adenomas)In studies of patients with pathological hypersecretory conditions such as Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome with or without multiple endocrine adenomas, PEPCID significantly inhibited gastric acid secretion and controlled associated symptoms. Orally administered doses from 20 to 160 mg q 6 h maintained basal acid secretion below 10 mEq/hr; initial doses were titrated to the individual patient need and subsequent adjustments were necessary with time in some patients. PEPCID was well tolerated at these high dose levels for prolonged periods (greater than 12 months) in eight patients, and there were no cases reported of gynecomastia, increased prolactin levels, or impotence which were considered to be due to the drug.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS
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Age (N=number of patients) | Area Under the Curve (AUC) (ng-hr/mL) | Total Clearance (Cl) (L/hr/kg) | Volume of Distribution (Vd) (L/kg) | Elimination Half-life (T½) (hours) |
0-1 month 2 (N=10) | NA | 0.13 ± 0.06 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 10.5 ± 5.4 |
0-3 months 3 (N=6) | 2688 ± 847 | 0.21 ± 0.06 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 8.1 ± 3.5 |
>3-12 months | 1160 ± 474 | 0.49 ± 0.17 | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 4.5 ± 1.1 |
1-11 yrs (N=20) | 1089 ± 834 | 0.54 ± 0.34 | 2.07 ± 1.49 | 3.38 ± 2.60 |
11-15 yrs (N=6) | 1140 ± 320 | 0.48 ± 0.14 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 0.4 |
Adult (N=16) | 1726 4 | 0.39 ± 0.14 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 2.83 ± 0.99 |
Plasma clearance is reduced and elimination half-life is prolonged in pediatric patients 0-3 months of age compared to older pediatric patients. The pharmacokinetic parameters for pediatric patients, ages >3 months-15 years, are comparable to those obtained for adults.
Bioavailability studies of 8 pediatric patients (11-15 years of age) showed a mean oral bioavailability of 0.5 compared to adult values of 0.42 to 0.49. Oral doses of 0.5 mg/kg achieved AUCs of 645 ± 249 ng-hr/mL and 580 ± 60 ng-hr/mL in pediatric patients <1 year of age (N=5) and in pediatric patients 11-15 years of age, respectively, compared to 482 ± 181 ng-hr/mL in adults treated with 40 mg orally.
Pharmacodynamics of famotidine were evaluated in 5 pediatric patients 2-13 years of age using the sigmoid Emax model. These data suggest that the relationship between serum concentration of famotidine and gastric acid suppression is similar to that observed in one study of adults (Table 7).
EC50 (ng/mL) 1 | |
Pediatric Patients | 26 ± 13 |
Data from one study | |
a) healthy adult subjects | 26.5 ± 10.3 |
b) adult patients with upper GI bleeding | 18.7 ± 10.8 |
Five published studies (Table 8) examined the effect of famotidine on gastric pH and duration of acid suppression in pediatric patients. While each study had a different design, acid suppression data over time are summarized as follows:
Dosage | Route | Effect
1
| Number of Patients (age range) |
0.5 mg/kg, single dose | I.V. | gastric pH >4 for 19.5 hours (17.3, 21.8) 2 | 11 (5-19 days) |
0.3 mg/kg, single dose | I.V. | gastric pH >3.5 for 8.7 ± 4.7 3 hours | 6 (2-7 years) |
0.4-0.8 mg/kg | I.V. | gastric pH >4 for 6-9 hours | 18 (2-69 months) |
0.5 mg/kg, single dose | I.V. | a >2 pH unit increase above baseline in gastric pH for >8 hours | 9 (2-13 years) |
0.5 mg/kg b.i.d. | I.V. | gastric pH >5 for 13.5 ± 1.8 | 4 (6-15 years) |
0.5 mg/kg b.i.d. | oral | gastric pH >5 for 5.0 ± 1.1 | 4 (11-15 years) |
The duration of effect of famotidine I.V. 0.5 mg/kg on gastric pH and acid suppression was shown in one study to be longer in pediatric patients <1 month of age than in older pediatric patients. This longer duration of gastric acid suppression is consistent with the decreased clearance in pediatric patients <3 months of age (see Table 6).
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