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Vancomycin (Vancomycin Hydrochloride) - Summary

 
 



VANCOMYCIN SUMMARY

Vancomycin Hydrochloride Capsules, USP for oral administration contain chromatographically purified vancomycin hydrochloride (a white to slightly red or slightly brown semi-solid matrix), a tricyclic glycopeptide antibiotic derived from Amycolatopsis orientalis (formerly Nocardia orientalis ); 500 mg of the base is equivalent to 0.34 mmol. The 125 mg capsules contain vancomycin hydrochloride equivalent to 125 mg (0.08 mmol) vancomycin.

Vancomycin Hydrochloride Capsules, USP are indicated for the treatment of C.   difficile -associated diarrhea.  Vancomycin hydrochloride capsules, USP are also used for the treatment of enterocolitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains).  Parenteral administration of vancomycin is not effective for the above infections; therefore, vancomycin hydrochloride, USP must be given orally for these infections.

Orally administered vancomycin hydrochloride is not effective for other types of infections.

To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of vancomycin hydrochloride, USP and other antibacterial drugs, vancomycin hydrochloride, USP should be used only to treat infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria.  When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy.  In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.


See all Vancomycin indications & dosage >>

NEWS HIGHLIGHTS

Media Articles Related to Vancomycin

Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE)
Source: MedicineNet ICU Psychosis Specialty [2016.08.12]
Title: Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE)
Category: Diseases and Conditions
Created: 5/8/2007 12:00:00 AM
Last Editorial Review: 8/12/2016 12:00:00 AM

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Published Studies Related to Vancomycin

Health economic evaluation of patients treated for nosocomial pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized clinical trial of vancomycin and linezolid. [2014]
PURPOSE: Results from studies comparing health care resource use (HCRU), costs of treatment, and cost-effectiveness of linezolid compared with vancomycin therapy in the treatment of hospitalized patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nosocomial pneumonia are limited in the published literature...

Resolution of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in patients with cancer treated with fidaxomicin or vancomycin. [2013]
difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD). Little is known about treatment response... CONCLUSION: For patients with cancer, fidaxomicin treatment was superior to

Randomised clinical trial: vancomycin or metronidazole in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis - a pilot study. [2013]
in patients with PSC... CONCLUSIONS: Both vancomycin and metronidazole demonstrated efficacy; however,

Reduced acquisition and overgrowth of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and Candida species in patients treated with fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection. [2012]
Fidaxomicin causes less disruption of anaerobic microbiota during treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) than vancomycin and has activity against many vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). In conjunction with a multicenter randomized trial of fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for CDI treatment, we tested the hypothesis that fidaxomicin promotes VRE and Candida species colonization less than vancomycin...

Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of vancomycin for the treatment of patients with gram-positive infections: focus on the study design. [2012]
of other antibiotics for the treatment of gram-positive infections... CONCLUSION: On the basis mainly of data from open-label trials, vancomycin is a

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Clinical Trials Related to Vancomycin

Dose Enhancement of Vancomycin IN Everyday Patients [Recruiting]
Current Australian guidelines for vancomycin commonly underdoses individuals particularly in the first 48 hours. The aim of the trial is to compare two dosing regimens; the current Australian guidelines versus a more appropriately modeled pharmacokinetic based regimen with the overall aim of developing a new vancomycin dosing strategy that will enable patients to have more individualised and therapeutically efficacious treatment. The hypothesis is that dosing vancomycin according to a pharmacokinetically modeled regimen increases the likelihood of achieving therapeutic trough levels of vancomycin within the first 48 hours (or at steady state, whichever is sooner) compared to dosing vancomycin according to the current Antibiotic guidelines.

Pharmacokinetics of Vancomycin for Inhalation in Cystic Fibrosis [Active, not recruiting]
The purpose of this study is to determine the pharmacokinetics and safety of inhaled vancomycin in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Pre-operative Prophylaxis With Vancomycin and Cefazolin in Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery Patients [Active, not recruiting]
The investigators hope to learn 1) if the addition of prophylaxis with vancomycin will decrease the rate of cefazolin non-susceptible SSI's, in high risk population 2) to develop better understanding of vancomycin and cefazolin pharmacokinetics in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass 3) to assess the barriers to vancomycin dosing peri-operatively 4) to assess side effects and risks associated with peri-operative vancomycin administration. This will allow us to improve patient care by better understanding the benefits or the risks of peri-operative vancomycin administration and potentially decrease cefazolin-resistant surgical site infections. In addition, this study gives us the opportunity to evaluate cefazolin and vancomycin pharmacokinetics on children on CPB. The investigators will take blood samples from 20 patients. In 10 patients the investigators will do Cefazolin pK analysis and in the other 10 the investigators will do pK Vancomycin analysis. For the remainder of 292 patients, only prospective chart review will be done to determine the incidence of SSI's. This data will be compared with 936 controls who received only Cefazolin pre-operatively as prophylaxis for SSI's.

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Extended Treatment With Vancomycin for Clostridium Difficile Colitis [Withdrawn]
BACKGROUND: Clostridium difficile-associated colitis is an infection of the large bowel, usually associated with previous use of antibiotics. The disease course may be complicated by fulminant disease requiring removal of the colon or by multiple recurrences requiring re-hospitalization. The incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile infection is rising, and it poses an increasing burden on the health system. For example, in one of our previous studies we found that 804 in-patients and 568 out-patients had a positive test for Clostridium difficile toxin at Beaumont Laboratories in 2003. The standard treatment is a 2 week course of Vancomycin or Metronidazole. The clinical response to Metronidazole appears to be declining, and many practicing clinicians prefer Vancomycin as a first-line treatment. The recurrence rate after the treatment is similar for Vancomycin and Metronidazole and is usually in the range of 15-25%, although recent reports noted a recurrence rate up to 50% during outbreaks with a virulent strain. Recently, it has been suggested that a 2 week duration of treatment might not be adequate in clearing the infection. Our HYPOTHESIS is that a prolongation of Vancomycin treatment from 2 weeks to 4 weeks will lead to a decrease rate of recurrent Clostridium Difficile colitis.

Dose Escalation Trial of Intrasite Vancomycin Pharmacokinetics [Suspended]
Surgical wound infections remain a serious problem despite aseptic techniques and the use of prophylactic systemic antibiotics. Such infections can occur at rates up to ~20% in high-risk patients receiving long segment instrumented spinal fusions for deformity correction and present potentially catastrophic consequences. Given this, the high cost of treatment, and a payer system unable to support such expenses, investigators must make every effort to find new cost-effective ways to prevent these complications. Increasingly surgeons have sought to address this problem by placing lyophilized Vancomycin into spinal surgery wounds immediately prior to wound closure. This method, known as "intrasite" application, is adapted from techniques used to prevent infection in joint replacement surgeries. The motivation for this practice is to maximize antibiotic concentration within the wound while minimizing systemic concentration and toxicity, (the inverse of the situation when using IV antibiotics). While the popularity of intrasite delivery has grown rapidly, this has occurred without prospective scientific evidence. Recently, three retrospective papers including nearly 2,500 treated patients, indicated that intrasite Vancomycin reduces wound infections without increasing adverse events[1-3]. However, there are no published data on the dosing or pharmacokinetics of intrasite Vancomycin, let alone prospective trials of its efficacy and safety. The investigators propose to perform the first prospective trial of intrasite Vancomycin pharmacokinetics and safety. Study objectives will include standardizing application and dosing, defining peak/trough concentrations and clearance parameters, verifying bactericidal potency, and dose selection for use in future studies. This will be accomplished by enrolling groups of patients (n=10) to receive one of three doses of intrasite lyophilized Vancomycin (3, 6 or 12 mg/cm2), prior to wound closure. Vancomycin concentrations in venous blood and wound seroma fluid will be measured at regular intervals after surgery to establish pharmacokinetic parameters. Preliminary data regarding local and systemic adverse events including wound healing, fusion rate, and toxicity will be prospectively collected. The ultimate goal of this learning-phase study is to gather sufficient information regarding application, dosing, pharmacokinetics, measurement strategies, and adverse events to prepare for a Phase III efficacy trial.

more trials >>

Reports of Suspected Vancomycin Side Effects

Drug Rash With Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (104)Renal Failure Acute (100)Pyrexia (62)Renal Failure (45)Hypotension (35)Septic Shock (35)Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (34)Thrombocytopenia (31)Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (31)Renal Impairment (28)more >>


Page last updated: 2016-08-12

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