Post-Treatment Side Effects of Ivermectin or DEC for Loa Loa Infection
Information source: National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (CC)
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on August 23, 2015 Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
Condition(s) targeted: Loa Loa
Intervention: Diethylcarbamazine (Drug); Ivermectin (Drug)
Phase: Phase 4
Status: Completed
Sponsored by: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Official(s) and/or principal investigator(s): Amy D Klion, M.D., Principal Investigator, Affiliation: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Summary
Background:
- Loa loa is a small worm that infects people in West and Central Africa. It is spread by
the bite of a fly. Adult worms live under the skin and can cause swelling in the arms,
legs, and face. Some people have more serious infections in the heart, kidneys, or
brain. Most people with Loa loa infection have no symptoms at all. The standard
treatment for Loa loa infection is a medicine called diethylcarbamazine (DEC). Some
people have bad reactions to DEC, including itching, muscle pains, and in severe cases
coma and death.
- Another drug, ivermectin, is used in mass drug treatment programs to prevent the spread
of worm infections that cause blindness and massive swelling (elephantiasis). However,
people who also have Loa loa have had serious bad reactions to ivermectin. Researchers
want to study both DEC and ivermectin to find out why these reactions occur. If they
can be prevented, mass drug treatment programs will be able to be used in areas in
Africa where Loa loa exists.
Objectives:
- To study the side effects of DEC and ivermectin treatment for Loa loa infection.
Eligibility:
- Individuals who live in 4 villages in Cameroon where Loa loa infection is known to exist,
who are between 20 and 60 years of age, not pregnant or breastfeeding and have a low level
of Loa loa parasites in the blood, but are otherwise healthy.
Design:
- Participants will be screened with a physical exam and medical history. Blood samples
will be collected to check for Loa loa infection. Participants will also have an eye
exam and provide skin samples to check for other worm infections that may interfere
with the study treatment.
- Participants will be admitted to the hospital for 4 days (during and after the
treatment). They will receive a single dose of either DEC or ivermectin.
- After treatment, regular blood samples will be collected. Participants will be asked
questions about how they feel after treatment. Physical exams will be performed. If
side effects develop, participants will be treated at the hospital.
- After leaving the hospital, participants will have followup visits. These visits will
happen on days 5, 7, 9, and 14 after receiving the study medicine. They will involve a
short physical exam and collection of blood samples.
- At the end of the study, participants will be offered a full 21-day DEC treatment to
cure the Loa loa infection.
Clinical Details
Official title: Comparison Between the Post-Treatment Reactions After Single-dose Ivermectin or DEC in Subjects With Loa Loa Infection
Study design: Allocation: Randomized, Endpoint Classification: Safety/Efficacy Study, Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment, Masking: Open Label, Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Primary outcome: The peak % change from baseline eosinophil count measured during the first 7 days post-treatment.
Secondary outcome: The frequency and severity of adverse eventsMarkers of eosinophil activation, including levels of surface marker expression on eosinophils and serum levels of eosinophil granule proteins Proportion of subjects who clear microfilaremia
Detailed description:
Ivermectin is currently used for mass drug distribution for the control of onchocerciasis
and elimination of lymphatic filariasis in Africa. Due to the occurrence of severe
neurologic adverse events in individuals with concomitant Loa loa infection and high levels
of circulating microfilariae, drug distribution has been halted in many areas in Cameroon,
Democratic Republic of Congo and other Loa-endemic countries. Diethylcarbamazine citrate
(DEC) is the treatment of choice for Loa loa infection in the United States and other
non-endemic countries, but can also be associated with the development of severe adverse
reactions, including fatal encephalopathy, that are correlated with the number of
circulating microfilariae in the blood. The cause of these reactions is unknown, and it is
not known if post-treatment reactions to DEC and ivermectin both have the same underlying
mechanism. Post-treatment reactions to both medications are accompanied by a dramatic
interleukin-5 (IL-5)-dependent increase in eosinophilia and evidence of eosinophil
activation. Preliminary data suggests that, unlike post-treatment responses in
Wolbachia-containing filariae, inflammatory mediators commonly seen in bacterial infections
and malaria, including TNF-alpha and IL-1-beta, are not increased post-treatment with DEC.
The aim of this study is to characterize the immunologic mechanisms of ivermectin and DEC
posttreatment reactions so that it can be established whether or not these posttreatment
reactions have the same underlying mechanism. An understanding of the pathophysiology of
these post-treatment reactions is necessary in order to develop strategies to prevent these
reactions in the future. We plan to randomize 20 subjects with low- to- moderate numbers of
circulating Loa loa microfilariae to receive a single oral dose of either ivermectin (200
mcg/kg) or DEC (8 mg/kg) in an inpatient setting in Cameroon. Signs and symptoms, blood
microfilarial levels, complete blood counts, intracellular and serum cytokine levels and
markers of eosinophil activation will be assessed at baseline, 4 and 8 hours, and 1, 2, 3,
5, 7, and 9 and 14 days post-treatment and compared between the two treatment groups.
Subjects who received ivermectin will be treated with single dose DEC (8 mg/kg) on day 14.
All subjects will then be followed at 6 and 12 months post-hospitalization to determine
whether they have experienced Loa-specific symptoms (eyeworm or Calabar swellings). Mf count
and CBC with differential will be obtained at each follow-up visit. Subjects with
Loa-specific symptoms or mf counts > 100 mf/mL at the 6 month time point will be offered a
full treatment course. If > 50% of subjects meet criteria for full DEC treatment at the 6,
month time point, all subjects will be treated and the study will enter a follow-up phase
with a visit at 12 months (6 months after the full treatment course ).
Eligibility
Minimum age: 20 Years.
Maximum age: 60 Years.
Gender(s): Both.
Criteria:
- INCLUSION CRITERIA (SCREENING):
A subject will be eligible for participation in the screening portion of this protocol if
all of the following criteria apply:
1. male or non-pregnant and not breastfeeding female subjects,
2. age 20-60 years (per participant self-report)
3. resident of Akonolinga
4. Loa microfilaremia from 20 to 5000 mf/mL from the prior screening in the village or
did not participate in the prior screening
5. consent to a blood draw to screen for infection with Loa loa
6. must be willing to have blood samples stored
EXCLUSION CRITERIA (SCREENING):
A subject will not be eligible for participation in the screening portion of this study if
any of the following conditions apply:
1. Known to be pregnant (by history) or breastfeeding
2. Chronic medical conditions, including but not limited to diabetes, renal or hepatic
insufficiency, immunodeficiency, psychiatric disorder, seizure, that in the
investigators judgments are deemed to be clinically significant
3. History of hypersensitivity reaction to DEC or IVM
INCLUSION CRITERIA (INTERVENTIONAL STUDY):
A subject will be eligible for participation in the interventional portion of the study
only if all of the following additional inclusion criteria apply:
1. Loa loa microfilaremia between 20 and 2,000 mf/mL blood drawn between 11: 30 am and
2: 30 pm measured within 30 days prior to the baseline visit
2. The subject agrees to storage of samples for study
EXCLUSION CRITERIA (INTERVENTIONAL STUDY):
A subject will not be eligible to participate in the interventional portion of the study
if any of the following conditions are fulfilled at the time of enrollment:
1. Pregnancy (by serum or urine beta-HCG) or breastfeeding
2. Chronic kidney or liver disease
3. Hgb < 10 gm/dL
4. Filarial infection other than Loa loa or M. perstans (O. volvulus, or W. bancrofti)
5. Use of DEC or IVM within the past 6 months
6. Use of immunosuppressive therapies, including steroids, within the past month
7. Any condition that in the investigator s opinion places the subject at undue risk
by participating in the study
EXCLUSION OF CHILDREN AND PREGNANT WOMEN:
Pregnant women and children (the age of consent in Cameroon is 20 years of age) will be
excluded from this study since it involves administration of medications contraindicated
in pregnancy and more than minimal risk with no prospect of direct benefit, respectively.
Locations and Contacts
Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases Research Center, Yaounde, Cameroon
Additional Information
Related publications: Klion AD, Massougbodji A, Sadeler BC, Ottesen EA, Nutman TB. Loiasis in endemic and nonendemic populations: immunologically mediated differences in clinical presentation. J Infect Dis. 1991 Jun;163(6):1318-25. Boussinesq M. Loiasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2006 Dec;100(8):715-31. Review. Winkler S, Paiha S, Winkler H, Graninger W, Marberger M, Steiner GE. Microfilarial clearance in loiasis involves elevation of Th1 and Th2 products and emergence of a specific pattern of T-cell populations. Parasite Immunol. 1996 Sep;18(9):479-82.
Starting date: April 2012
Last updated: March 14, 2014
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