PK Analysis of Piperacillin in Septic Shock Patients
Information source: University of Aarhus
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on August 23, 2015 Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
Condition(s) targeted: Septic Shock
Intervention: Blood draw (Other)
Phase: N/A
Status: Completed
Sponsored by: University of Aarhus Official(s) and/or principal investigator(s): Merete Storgaard, MD, Study Director, Affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
Summary
Antibiotic dosing in septic shock patients poses a challenge for clinicians due to the
pharmacokinetic changes seen in this population. Piperacillin/tazobactam is often used for
empirical treatment, and initial appropriate dosing is crucial for reducing mortality.
We determined the pharmacokinetic profile of piperacillin 4g every 8 hour in 15 patients
treated empirically for septic shock. A PK population model was established with the dual
purpose to assess current standard treatment and to simulate alternative dosing regimens and
modes of administration. Time above the minimal inhibitory concentration (T>MIC) predicted
for each patient were evaluated against clinical breakpoint MIC for Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(16 mg/L). Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) targets evaluated were 100% f T>MIC and
50% fT>4xMIC.
Clinical Details
Official title: Population Pharmacokinetics of Piperacillin in the Early Phase of Septic Shock - Does Standard Dosing Result in Therapeutic Plasma Concentrations?
Study design: Observational Model: Case-Only, Time Perspective: Prospective
Primary outcome: 100% f T>MIC: Free Piperacillin Concentration Maintained Above the MIC Throughout the Dosing Interval.50% fT>4xMIC: Free Piperacillin Concentration Maintained at a Level Fourfold the MIC for at Least 50% of the Dosing Interval.
Secondary outcome: The Maximum Concentration of Piperacillin (Cmax)The Area Under the Plasma-concentration Time Curve Concentration-time Curve From 0-8 Hours After the Studied Dose (AUC 0-8) Trough Piperacillin Plasma Concentration (Cmin)
Detailed description:
Early appropriate antimicrobial therapy is of utmost importance for reducing mortality in
critically ill patients with sepsis and septic shock. Patophysiological changes associated
with the septic process, such as changes in volume of distribution (Vd), drug clearance
(CL), decrease in plasma-protein concentration and organ dysfunction, lead to
pharmacokinetic (PK) changes that may alter the efficacy of the antimicrobial given. As a
consequence, antibiotic plasma concentrations are variable and hard to predict in these
patients, which makes optimal antibiotic exposure a challenge, especially in the early phase
of treatment. In sepctic shock patients, appropriate dosing is even more important, as
effective antimicrobial therapy within the first hour of documented hypotension is
associated with increased survival to hospital discharge.
Piperacillin/tazobactam is a β-lactam - β-lactamase inhibitor combination frequently used
for empirical treatment in the critically ill. It is a time-dependent antibiotic where
antibacterial activity is related to the time for which the free, unbound concentation of
the drug is maintained above the minimal inhibitory concentration (f T>MIC). Maximizing f
T>MIC both increases the therapeutic impact and reduces the risk of drug resistance
development. Because of the PK changes seen in the critically ill, standard dosing of
antimicrobials may result in subtherapeutic plasma-concentrations (17) and it has been
suggested that current empiric dosing recommendations for ICU patients are inadequate and
needs to be reconsidered (18). Patients with septic shock are especially vulnerable (7) and
optimal dosing in these patients is crucial for reducing mortality.
Piperacillin/tazobactam 4g/0. 5g every 8 hour (h) is the empiric standard dosing for sepsis
and septic shock. The aim of this study was to determine if this dosing results in
therapeutic plasma concentrations in septic shock patients, within the initial 24 hours of
therapy. A PK population model was established with the dual purpose to assess current
standard treatment and to simulate alternative dosing regimens and modes of administration.
Critically ill patients with known or suspected septic shock who required noradrenaline
infusion and who were prescribed piperaillin/tazobactam 4g/0. 5g (Tazocin®) by the treating
physician were eligible for the study. Patients on renal replacement therapy and patients
under the age of 18 were not included.
Piperacillin/tazobactam 4g/0. 5g was administered intravenously (i. v.) over 3 minutes every 8
h. Blood samples (4 mL) were collected by trained staff from an arterial catheter around the
time of administration of the third consecutive infusion. Each patient had a total of eight
blood samples drawn; before administration of the drug (time 0), at 10, 20, 30 minutes and
1, 2, 4 and 8 h after administration of the drug.
The unbound piperacillin plasma concentrations were determined using ultra high performance
liquid chromatography. If a bacteria was isolated from a patient, a MIC to piperacillin was
obtained using E-tests on Mueller-Hinton agar plates. These MICs as well as clinical MIC
breakpoints according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
(EUCAST) for Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used to evaluate the following PK/PD targets: 100%
f T>MIC and 50% fT>4xMIC.
There was no intervention in the study.
Eligibility
Minimum age: 18 Years.
Maximum age: N/A.
Gender(s): Both.
Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:
Treatment with piperacillin/tazobactam for less than 24 hours. Treatment with
noradrenaline. -
Exclusion Criteria:
Renal replacement therapy. Age under 18.
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Locations and Contacts
Department of anesthesiology and intensive care, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
Additional Information
Starting date: September 2014
Last updated: June 11, 2015
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